That said, the assets are cacheable so there was probably just a thundering hurd for the assets until they were well cached by Akamai's mid and edge tiers
When I've used a CDN, there were separate headers to control the CDN with the same semantics as cache-control... so you can serve the cache-control you want to browsers and control the CDN separately.
If it doesn't feel like it's cached, it probably isn't; but you can't assume the cache-control headers you see are controlling the CDN.
Depends on the Akamai property config which could be anything. IIRC by default it uses the standard cache headers and doesn't strip or rewrite them, although it definitely can.